20 Super-Helpful Bash Commands 20 Super-Noderīgs bash Komandas

This isn't really a tutorial, more like a list of some of the bash commands that I use the most and a very brief description of what I use them for. Tas nav īsti apmācība, vairāk kā sarakstu ar dažiem no bash komandas, es izmantoju visvairāk un ļoti īss apraksts par to, ko es tos izmantot.

ifconfig ifconfig

Used to find out your IP address. Izmantot, lai uzzinātu jūsu IP adresi. (look at wlan0, the line beginning with 'inet addr') (apskatīt wlan0, līnija, kas sākas ar "inet addr")

[kmurray@radon ~]$ /sbin/ifconfig [kmurray @ radons ~] $ / sbin / ifconfig
lo Link encap:Local Loopback lo Link encap: Local LOOPBACK
inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet addr: 127.0.0.1 Mask: 255.0.0.0
inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host inet6 addr::: 1 / 128 Scope: Host
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 UP LOOPBACK DARBĪBAS MTU: 16.436 Metric: 1
RX packets:19266 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 RX packets: 19.266 errors: 0 dropped: 0 overruns: 0 frame: 0
TX packets:19266 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 TX packets: 19.266 errors: 0 dropped: 0 overruns: 0 carrier: 0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 collisions: 0 txqueuelen: 0
RX bytes:963988 (941.3 KiB) TX bytes:963988 (941.3 KiB) RX bytes: 963.988 (941,3 KiB) TX bytes: 963.988 (941,3 KiB)

wlan0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:1A:73:0F:0E:FD wlan0 Link encap: Ethernet HWaddr 0:01: 73:0 F: 0E: FD
inet addr:192.168.1.139 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet addr: 192.168.1.139 Bcast: 192.168.1.255 Mask: 255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::21a:73ff:fe0f:efd/64 Scope:Link inet6 addr: fe80:: 21a: 73ff: fe0f: efd/64 Scope: Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 UP BROADCAST DARBĪBAS multicast MTU: 1500 Metric: 1
RX packets:8712 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 RX paketes: 8712 errors: 0 dropped: 0 overruns: 0 frame: 0
TX packets:8944 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 TX packets: 8.944 errors: 0 dropped: 0 overruns: 0 carrier: 0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 collisions: 0 txqueuelen: 1000
RX bytes:8002586 (7.6 MiB) TX bytes:3113446 (2.9 MiB) RX bytes: 8002586 (7.6 MiB) TX bytes: 3.113.446 (2.9 MiB)

route -n maršruts-n

Used to find the IP address of your default gateway. Izmantoti, lai atrastu IP adresi noklusējuma vārteja. (look for the line with a G in the Flags column} (meklēt atbilst šajā Karogi G slejā)

[kmurray@radon ~]$ /sbin/route -n [kmurray @ radons ~] $ / sbin / route-n
Kernel IP routing table Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Izmantojiet Iface
192.168.1.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 wlan0 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 wlan0
0.0.0.0 192.168.1.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 wlan0 0.0.0.0 192.168.1.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 wlan0

ip ip

I use this one similarly to ifconfig and route. Es izmantoju šo vienu līdzīgi ifconfig un maršrutu.

[kmurray@radon ~]$ /sbin/ip route [kmurray @ radons ~] $ / sbin / IP maršrutā
192.168.1.0/24 dev wlan0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.1.139 192.168.1.0/24 dev wlan0 proto kernel jomu saite src 192.168.1.139
default via 192.168.1.1 dev wlan0 proto static default via wlan0 192.168.1.1 dev proto statisks

[kmurray@radon ~]$ /sbin/ip addr [kmurray @ radons ~] $ / sbin / ip adr
1: lo: 1: lo: mtu 16436 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN MTU 16.436 qdisc noqueue valsts NEZINĀMS
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00 saites / LOOPBACK 00:00:00:00:00:00 GRS 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo inet 127.0.0.1 / 8 joma uzņēmēja lo
inet6 ::1/128 scope host inet6:: 1 / 128 jomas uzņēmēja
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever valid_lft forever preferred_lft uz visiem laikiem
2: eth0: 2: eth0: mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN qlen 1000 MTU 1.500 qdisc noop valsts DOWN qlen 1.000
link/ether 00:16:d4:ec:25:4b brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff saites / ēteris 00:16: D4: ec: 25:4 b BRD FF: FF: FF: FF: FF: FF
3: wlan0: 3: wlan0: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000 MTU 1.500 qdisc pfifo_fast valsts UP qlen 1.000
link/ether 00:1a:73:0f:0e:fd brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff saites / ēteri 0:01: 73:0 f: 0E: FD BRD FF: FF: FF: FF: FF: FF
inet 192.168.1.139/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global wlan0 inet 192.168.1.139/24 BRD 192.168.1.255 jomu pasaules wlan0
inet6 fe80::21a:73ff:fe0f:efd/64 scope link inet6 fe80:: 21a: 73ff: fe0f: efd/64 joma saite
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever valid_lft forever preferred_lft uz visiem laikiem

ping ping

Used to test network connectivity. Lietot, lai testētu tīkla savienojamību.

[kmurray@radon ~]$ ping 192.168.1.1 [kmurray @ radons ~] $ ping 192.168.1.1
PING 192.168.1.1 (192.168.1.1) 56(84) bytes of data. Ping 192.168.1.1 (192.168.1.1) 56 (84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=1.23 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq = 1 ttl = 64 time = 1,23 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=1.17 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq = 2 ttl = 64 time = 1,17 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=1.14 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq = 3 ttl = 64 time = 1,14 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=1.19 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq = 4 ttl = 64 time = 1,19 ms
^C ^ C
— 192.168.1.1 ping statistics — - 192.168.1.1 ping statistics --
4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3268ms 4 packets transmitted, 4 saņemta 0% pakešu zudumu, laika 3268ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.149/1.190/1.238/0.032 ms RTT min / avg / max / mdev = 1.149/1.190/1.238/0.032 ms

traceroute traceroute

Another network connectivity tool. Vēl viens tīkla savienojums rīks. This one tells you how many routers you have to go through in order to connect to a particular host. Šis viena stāsta, cik rūterim jums iet cauri, lai izveidotu savienojumu ar konkrētajā uzņēmējā.

[kmurray@radon ~]$ traceroute simplehelp.net [kmurray @ radons ~] $ traceroute simplehelp.net
traceroute to simplehelp.net (74.52.95.42), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets traceroute to simplehelp.net (74.52.95.42), 30 hops max, 60 baitu paketes
1 192.168.1.1 (192.168.1.1) 1.121 ms 2.010 ms 2.218 ms 1 192.168.1.1 (192.168.1.1) 1,121 ms 2,010 ms 2,218 ms
2 24.68.178.1 (24.68.178.1) 25.950 ms * * 2 24.68.178.1 (24.68.178.1) 25,950 ms * *
3 * * * 3 * * *
4 * * * 4 * * *
5 rc2bb-pos0-1-5-0.vc.shawcable.net (66.163.77.185) 39.178 ms 128.371 ms 50.787 ms 5 rc2bb-pos0-1-5-0.vc.shawcable.net (66.163.77.185) 39,178 ms 128,371 ms 50,787 ms
6 rc2sj-pos6-0-0.cl.shawcable.net (66.163.77.70) 119.703 ms 76.364 ms 88.337 ms 6 rc2sj-pos6-0-0.cl.shawcable.net (66.163.77.70) 119,703 ms 76,364 ms 88,337 ms
7 rc2sj-ge2-0-0.cl.shawcable.net (66.163.67.10) 110.862 ms 55.853 ms * 7 rc2sj-ge2-0-0.cl.shawcable.net (66.163.67.10) 110,862 ms 55,853 ms *
8 * rx0sj-comcast.cl.shawcable.net (66.163.67.110) 61.930 ms 109.439 ms 8 * rx0sj-comcast.cl.shawcable.net (66.163.67.110) 61,930 ms 109,439 ms
9 pos-0-8-0-0-cr01.losangeles.ca.ibone.comcast.net (68.86.85.82) 79.587 ms 102.306 ms 81.225 ms 9 pos-0-8-0-0-cr01.losangeles.ca.ibone.comcast.net (68.86.85.82) 79,587 ms 102,306 ms 81,225 ms
10 pos-0-9-0-0-cr01.dallas.tx.ibone.comcast.net (68.86.85.142) 120.064 ms 125.584 ms 118.207 ms 10 pos-0-9-0-0-cr01.dallas.tx.ibone.comcast.net (68.86.85.142) 120,064 ms 125,584 ms 118,207 ms
11 68.86.88.50 (68.86.88.50) 107.133 ms 109.350 ms 113.994 ms 11 68.86.88.50 (68.86.88.50) 107,133 ms 109,350 ms 113,994 ms
12 te9-1.dsr02.dllstx3.theplanet.com (70.87.253.22) 87.928 ms 87.949 ms te9-1.dsr01.dllstx3.theplanet.com (70.87.253.6) 89.500 ms 12 te9-1.dsr02.dllstx3.theplanet.com (70.87.253.22) 87,928 ms 87,949 ms te9-1.dsr01.dllstx3.theplanet.com (70.87.253.6) 89,500 ms
13 76.fd.5746.static.theplanet.com (70.87.253.118) 99.789 ms 97.329 ms 100.789 ms 13 76.fd.5746.static.theplanet.com (70.87.253.118) 99,789 ms 97,329 ms 100,789 ms
14 po1.car03.dllstx6.theplanet.com (12.96.160.5) 91.323 ms 91.788 ms po2.car03.dllstx6.theplanet.com (12.96.160.37) 89.571 ms 14 po1.car03.dllstx6.theplanet.com (12.96.160.5) 91,323 ms 91,788 ms po2.car03.dllstx6.theplanet.com (12.96.160.37) 89,571 ms
15 2a.5f.344a.static.theplanet.com (74.52.95.42) 92.695 ms 92.601 ms 91.871 ms 15 2a.5f.344a.static.theplanet.com (74.52.95.42) 92,695 ms 92,601 ms 91,871 ms

host namatēvs

Used to look up the IP address of a fully qualified domain name. Ko izmanto, lai sameklētu IP adrese, pilnībā kvalificētu domēna nosaukumu.

[kmurray@radon ~]$ host simplehelp.net [kmurray @ radons ~] $ host simplehelp.net
simplehelp.net has address 74.52.95.42 simplehelp.net ir adrese 74.52.95.42
simplehelp.net mail is handled by 10 aspmx.l.google.com. simplehelp.net pasta apstrādāta ar 10 aspmx.l.google.com.

dig dig

A more advanced DNS query tool. Spēcīgākās DNS vaicājumu rīku.

[kmurray@radon ~]$ dig simplehelp.net a [kmurray @ radons ~] $ dig simplehelp.net

; <<>> DiG 9.5.0-P2 <<>> simplehelp.net a , <<>> DIG 9.5.0-P2 <<>> simplehelp.net
;; global options: printcmd ;; Pasaules iespējas: printcmd
;; Got answer: ;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 25242 ; ->> HEADER <<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, ID: 25.242
;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 0 ;; Flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 0

;; QUESTION SECTION: ;; QUESTION SECTION:
;simplehelp.net. ; simplehelp.net. IN A IN

;; ANSWER SECTION: ;; ANSWER SECTION:
simplehelp.net. simplehelp.net. 86238 IN A 74.52.95.42 86.238 IN 74.52.95.42

;; Query time: 1 msec ;; Query Time: 1 ms
;; SERVER: 192.168.1.1#53(192.168.1.1) ;; SERVER: 192.168.1.1 # 53 (192.168.1.1)
;; WHEN: Fri Oct 31 20:21:49 2008 ;; Kad: Piektdiena 31 oktobris 20:21:49 2.008
;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 48 ;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 48

This shows that the IP address of the server where simplehelp.net resides is 74.52.95.42. Tas liecina, ka IP adrese, no servera, kur simplehelp.net dzīvo ir 74.52.95.42.

[kmurray@radon ~]$ dig simplehelp.net mx [kmurray @ radons ~] $ dig simplehelp.net mx

; <<>> DiG 9.5.0-P2 <<>> simplehelp.net mx , <<>> DIG 9.5.0-P2 <<>> simplehelp.net mx
;; global options: printcmd ;; Pasaules iespējas: printcmd
;; Got answer: ;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 17277 ; ->> HEADER <<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, ID: 17.277
;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 2 ;; Flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 2

;; QUESTION SECTION: ;; QUESTION SECTION:
;simplehelp.net. ; simplehelp.net. IN MX IN MX

;; ANSWER SECTION: ;; ANSWER SECTION:
simplehelp.net. simplehelp.net. 86317 IN MX 10 aspmx.l.google.com. 86.317 IN MX 10 aspmx.l.google.com.

;; ADDITIONAL SECTION: ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:
aspmx.l.google.com. aspmx.l.google.com. 180 IN A 209.85.199.27 180 IN 209.85.199.27
aspmx.l.google.com. aspmx.l.google.com. 180 IN A 209.85.199.114 180 IN 209.85.199.114

;; Query time: 40 msec ;; Query Time: 40 ms
;; SERVER: 192.168.1.1#53(192.168.1.1) ;; SERVER: 192.168.1.1 # 53 (192.168.1.1)
;; WHEN: Fri Oct 31 20:21:51 2008 ;; Kad: Piektdiena 31 oktobris 20:21:51 2.008
;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 98 ;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 98

This shows that mail for simplehelp.net is managed by aspmx.l.google.com and that aspmx.l.google.com has two IP addresses, 209.85.199.27 and 209.85.199.114. Tas liecina, ka pasta simplehelp.net administrē aspmx.l.google.com un aspmx.l.google.com ir divas IP adreses 209.85.199.27 un 209.85.199.114.

[kmurray@radon ~]$ dig simplehelp.net ns [kmurray @ radons ~] $ dig simplehelp.net ns

; <<>> DiG 9.5.0-P2 <<>> simplehelp.net ns , <<>> DIG 9.5.0-P2 <<>> simplehelp.net ns
;; global options: printcmd ;; Pasaules iespējas: printcmd
;; Got answer: ;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 62957 ; ->> HEADER <<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, ID: 62.957
;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 2, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 8 ;; Flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 2, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 8

;; QUESTION SECTION: ;; QUESTION SECTION:
;simplehelp.net. ; simplehelp.net. IN NS NS

;; ANSWER SECTION: ;; ANSWER SECTION:
simplehelp.net. simplehelp.net. 70617 IN NS ns1.theplanet.com. 70.617 IN NS ns1.theplanet.com.
simplehelp.net. simplehelp.net. 70617 IN NS ns2.theplanet.com. 70.617 IN NS ns2.theplanet.com.

;; ADDITIONAL SECTION: ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:
ns1.theplanet.com. ns1.theplanet.com. 172785 IN A 70.86.61.133 172.785 IN 70.86.61.133
ns2.theplanet.com. ns2.theplanet.com. 172785 IN A 70.86.61.135 172.785 IN 70.86.61.135
ns1.theplanet.com. ns1.theplanet.com. 172785 IN A 70.86.61.134 172.785 IN 70.86.61.134
ns2.theplanet.com. ns2.theplanet.com. 172785 IN A 70.87.7.73 172.785 IN 70.87.7.73
ns1.theplanet.com. ns1.theplanet.com. 172785 IN A 70.87.7.71 172.785 IN 70.87.7.71
ns1.theplanet.com. ns1.theplanet.com. 172785 IN A 70.87.7.70 172.785 IN 70.87.7.70
ns2.theplanet.com. ns2.theplanet.com. 172785 IN A 70.86.61.136 172.785 IN 70.86.61.136
ns2.theplanet.com. ns2.theplanet.com. 172785 IN A 70.87.7.72 172.785 IN 70.87.7.72

;; Query time: 33 msec ;; Query Time: 33 ms
;; SERVER: 192.168.1.1#53(192.168.1.1) ;; SERVER: 192.168.1.1 # 53 (192.168.1.1)
;; WHEN: Fri Oct 31 20:21:55 2008 ;; Kad: Piektdiena 31 oktobris 20:21:55 2.008
;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 209 ;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 209

This shows that DNS for simplehelp.net is handled by ns1.theplanet.com and ns2.theplanet.com. Tas pierāda, ka DNS, lai simplehelp.net strādājot ar ns1.theplanet.com un ns2.theplanet.com. It also shows that these nameservers have multiple IP addresses. Tā arī liecina, ka nameservers ir vairākas IP adreses.

iwlist iwlist

Get information from a wireless interface. Iegūt informāciju no bezvadu interfeiss. (this one needs to be run as root) (tas ir nepieciešams, lai tos veiktu, kā root)

[root@radon ~]# iwlist wlan0 scan [root @ radons ~] # iwlist wlan0 scan
wlan0 Scan completed : wlan0 Scan izgājuši:
Cell 01 – Address: 00:10:18:90:20:DB Cell 01 - Adrese: 00:10:18:90:20: DB
ESSID:”Coffee” ESSID: "Coffee"
Mode:Master Mode: Master
Channel:6 Channel: 6
Frequency:2.437 GHz (Channel 6) Frekvence: 2,437 GHz (Channel 6)
Quality=96/100 Signal level:-37 dBm Noise level=-70 dBm Quality = 96/100 Signal level: -37 dBm Noise level =- 70 dBm
Encryption key:off Encryption key: off
Bit Rates:1 Mb/s; 2 Mb/s; 5.5 Mb/s; 11 Mb/s; 6 Mb/s Bit Balsis: 1 Mb / s, 2 Mb / s; 5,5 Mb / s; 11 Mb / s; 6 Mb / s
9 Mb/s; 12 Mb/s; 18 Mb/s; 24 Mb/s; 36 Mb/s 9 Mb / s; 12 Mb / s; 18 Mb / s; 24 Mb / s; 36 Mb / s
48 Mb/s; 54 Mb/s 48 Mb / s; 54 Mb / s
Extra:tsf=0000017f91cc818a EXTRA: TSF = 0000017f91cc818a
Extra: Last beacon: 19ms ago Extra: Last beacon: 19ms ago
Cell 02 – Address: 00:11:50:6E:BC:3A Cell 02 - Adrese: 00:11:50:6 E: BC: 3A
ESSID:”Belkin Traveler” ESSID: "Belkin Traveler"
Mode:Master Mode: Master
Channel:1 Channel: 1
Frequency:2.412 GHz (Channel 1) Frekvence: 2,412 GHz (Channel 1)
Quality=88/100 Signal level:-44 dBm Noise level=-70 dBm Quality = 88/100 Signal level: -44 dBm Noise level =- 70 dBm
Encryption key:off Encryption key: off
Bit Rates:1 Mb/s; 2 Mb/s; 5.5 Mb/s; 11 Mb/s; 6 Mb/s Bit Balsis: 1 Mb / s, 2 Mb / s; 5,5 Mb / s; 11 Mb / s; 6 Mb / s
12 Mb/s; 24 Mb/s; 36 Mb/s; 9 Mb/s; 18 Mb/s 12 Mb / s; 24 Mb / s; 36 Mb / s; 9 Mb / s, 18 Mb / s
48 Mb/s; 54 Mb/s 48 Mb / s; 54 Mb / s
Extra:tsf=0000017f13571181 EXTRA: TSF = 0000017f13571181
Extra: Last beacon: 601ms ago Extra: Last beacon: 601ms ago
Cell 03 – Address: 00:17:9A:9C:14:28 Cell 03 - Address: 00:17:9 A: 9C: 14:28
ESSID:”Abby” ESSID: "Abby"
Mode:Master Mode: Master
Channel:6 Channel: 6
Frequency:2.437 GHz (Channel 6) Frekvence: 2,437 GHz (Channel 6)
Quality=50/100 Signal level:-79 dBm Noise level=-70 dBm Quality = 50/100 Signal level: -79 dBm Noise level =- 70 dBm
Encryption key:off Encryption key: off
Bit Rates:1 Mb/s; 2 Mb/s; 5.5 Mb/s; 11 Mb/s; 6 Mb/s Bit Balsis: 1 Mb / s, 2 Mb / s; 5,5 Mb / s; 11 Mb / s; 6 Mb / s
9 Mb/s; 12 Mb/s; 18 Mb/s; 24 Mb/s; 36 Mb/s 9 Mb / s; 12 Mb / s; 18 Mb / s; 24 Mb / s; 36 Mb / s
48 Mb/s; 54 Mb/s 48 Mb / s; 54 Mb / s
Extra:tsf=00000000cbe364d6 EXTRA: TSF = 00000000cbe364d6
Extra: Last beacon: 272ms ago Extra: Last beacon: 272ms ago
Cell 04 – Address: 00:18:D1:A8:E8:1A Cell 04 - Adrese: 00:18: D1: A8: E8: 1A
ESSID:”Gigaset815″ ESSID: "Gigaset815"
Mode:Master Mode: Master
Channel:4 Channel: 4
Frequency:2.427 GHz (Channel 4) Frekvence: 2,427 GHz (Channel 4)
Quality=45/100 Signal level:-83 dBm Noise level=-70 dBm Quality = 45/100 Signal level: -83 dBm Noise level =- 70 dBm
Encryption key:on Šifrēšanas atslēga: par
IE: WPA Version 1 IE: WPA Versija 1
Group Cipher : TKIP Grupa Cipher: TKIP
Pairwise Ciphers (1) : TKIP Pairwise Ciphers (1): TKIP
Authentication Suites (1) : PSK Authentication Suites (1): PSK
Bit Rates:1 Mb/s; 2 Mb/s; 5.5 Mb/s; 11 Mb/s; 22 Mb/s Bit Balsis: 1 Mb / s, 2 Mb / s; 5,5 Mb / s; 11 Mb / s; 22 Mb / s
6 Mb/s; 9 Mb/s; 12 Mb/s; 18 Mb/s; 24 Mb/s 6 Mb / s; 9 Mb / s; 12 Mb / s; 18 Mb / s; 24 Mb / s
36 Mb/s; 48 Mb/s; 54 Mb/s 36 Mb / s; 48 Mb / s; 54 Mb / s
Extra:tsf=0000015633a50e12 EXTRA: TSF = 0000015633a50e12
Extra: Last beacon: 571ms ago Extra: Last beacon: 571ms ago

This shows that my computer currently sees four different wireless networks in the area along with their names, channels, signal strength, and whether or not they are encrypted or open. Tas parāda, ka mans dators šobrīd četri dažādi bezvadu tīklu zonā kopā ar to nosaukumiem, kanāli, signāla stipruma, un vai tie ir kodēti vai atvērt.

iwconfig iwconfig

Like ifconfig, but for information about your wireless settings. , Piemēram, ifconfig, bet informāciju par bezvadu iestatījumus.

[kmurray@radon ~]$ /sbin/iwconfig [kmurray @ radons ~] $ / sbin / iwconfig
lo no wireless extensions. lo no wireless extensions.
eth0 no wireless extensions. eth0 no wireless extensions.
wlan0 IEEE 802.11bg ESSID:”Coffee” wlan0 IEEE 802.11bg ESSID: "Coffee"
Mode:Managed Frequency:2.437 GHz Access Point: 00:10:18:90:20:DB Mode: Pārzina Frekvence: 2,437 GHz Access Point: 00:10:18:90:20: DB
Bit Rate=54 Mb/s Tx-Power=27 dBm Bit Rate = 54 Mb / s Tx-Power = 27 dBm
Retry min limit:7 RTS thr:off Fragment thr=2352 B Mēģināt vēlreiz min robeža: 7 RTS THR: off Fragments THR = 2.352 B
Link Quality=96/100 Signal level:-37 dBm Noise level=-70 dBm Link Quality = 96/100 Signal level: -37 dBm Noise level =- 70 dBm
Rx invalid nwid:0 Rx invalid crypt:0 Rx invalid frag:0 Rx nederīgs nwid: 0 Rx nederīgs crypt: 0 Rx nederīgs frag: 0
Tx excessive retries:0 Invalid misc:0 Missed beacon:0 Tx pārmērīgs retries: 0 Invalid misc: 0 Missed beacon: 0

This shows that I'm currently connected to a wireless network called Coffee at 54 Mb/s and the signal strength is very good at 96%. Tas liecina, ka es esmu šobrīd savienots ar bezvadu tīkla nosaukumu Kafijas 54 Mb / s un signāla stiprums ir ļoti labs 96%.

free bezmaksas

How much memory and swap space is used/free. Cik daudz atmiņas un mijmaiņas telpa tiek lietots bez maksas.

[kmurray@radon ~]$ free -m [kmurray @ radons ~] $ free-m
total used free shared buffers cached Kopējais zvanīt bez kopīgas buferi cached
Mem: 2017 1659 357 0 42 1078 Mem: 2017 1659 357 0 42 1.078
-/+ buffers/cache: 538 1478 - / + Buferi / cache: 538 1.478
Swap: 1983 0 1983 Mijmaiņas: 1983 0 1983

mount mount

Without any parameters, used to display mounted filesystems. Bez kāds no parametriem, ko izmanto, lai parādītu uzstādīts failu sistēmas.

[kmurray@radon ~]$ mount [kmurray @ radons ~] $ mount
/dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol00 on / type ext3 (rw,noatime) / dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol00 uz / type ext3 (rw, noatime)
proc on /proc type proc (rw) proc on / proc tips proc (rw)
sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) sysfs on / sys tips sysfs (RW)
devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620) devpts on / dev / pts tips devpts (rw, gid = 5, mode = 620)
/dev/sda2 on /boot type ext3 (rw,noatime) / dev/sda2 uz / boot tips ext3 (rw, noatime)
tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw) tmpfs on / dev / SHM tips tmpfs (RW)
none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw) none on / proc / sys / fs / binfmt_misc tips binfmt_misc (RW)
sunrpc on /var/lib/nfs/rpc_pipefs type rpc_pipefs (rw) sunrpc on / var / lib / nfs / rpc_pipefs tips rpc_pipefs (RW)
fusectl on /sys/fs/fuse/connections type fusectl (rw) fusectl on / sys / fs / Drošinātāju / savienojumus tips fusectl (RW)
gvfs-fuse-daemon on /home/kmurray/.gvfs type fuse.gvfs-fuse-daemon(rw,nosuid,nodev,user=kmurray) GVFS-drošinātāju-daemon on / home / kmurray / .gvfs tips fuse.gvfs-drošinātāju-dēmons (rw, nosuid, nodev, user = kmurray)
/dev/sda1 on /media/disk type fuseblk (rw,nosuid,nodev,allow_other,blksize=4096) / dev/sda1 on / media / diska tipa fuseblk (rw, nosuid, nodev, allow_other, blksize = 4096)

The interesting lines above are the ones indicating /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol00 on /, /dev/sda2 on /boot, and /dev/sda1 on /media/disk. Interesanti līnijas iepriekš tie, kas norāda / dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol00 on /, / dev/sda2 uz / boot un / dev/sda1 on / media / disk.

df DF

Show disk space usage. Rādīt diska vietas izmantošanu.

[kmurray@radon ~]$ df -h [kmurray @ radons ~] $ df-h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on Filesystem Size Used Pieej Lietojiet% Mounted par
/dev/sda2 190M 19M 162M 11% /boot / dev/sda2 190m 19m 162M 11% / boot
tmpfs 1009M 1.1M 1008M 1% /dev/shm tmpfs 1009M 1.1m 1008M 1% / dev / SHM
gvfs-fuse-daemon 60G 44G 16G 74% /home/kmurray/.gvfs GVFS-drošinātāju-daemon 60G 44G 16g 74% / home / kmurray / .gvfs
/dev/sda1 31G 29G 2.5G 93% /media/disk / dev/sda1 31g 29g 2.5G 93% / media / disk

This shows that /dev/sda1 is almost full at 93%. Tas liecina, ka / dev/sda1 ir gandrīz pilnā apmērā 93%. Time to delete some files or upgrade the disk. Laiks dzēst dažus failus vai jaunināt diska.

du du

Show disk space usage in a directory. Rādīt diska vietas izmantošana direktorijā.

[kmurray@radon ~]$ du -hc Documents/N95/tutorials/ [kmurray @ radons ~] $ du-hc Documents/N95/tutorials /
380K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/bluetooth gps 380K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/bluetooth gps
480K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/putty fonts 480K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/putty fonts
1.4M Documents/N95/tutorials/done/gparted 1.4m Documents/N95/tutorials/done/gparted
1.1M Documents/N95/tutorials/done/remote filesystem gnome 1.1m Documents/N95/tutorials/done/remote filesystem gnome
1.4M Documents/N95/tutorials/done/gnome keyboard shortcuts 1.4m Documents/N95/tutorials/done/gnome īsinājumtaustiņi
2.1M Documents/N95/tutorials/done/download helper 2.1m Documents/N95/tutorials/done/download palīgs
992K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/mconnection 992K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/mconnection
1008K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/snap links 1008K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/snap saites
5.0M Documents/N95/tutorials/done/watermark gimp 5.0M Documents/N95/tutorials/done/watermark GIMP
1.2M Documents/N95/tutorials/done/gnome disk usage 1.2M Documents/N95/tutorials/done/gnome diska izmantošana
208K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/enhanced calculator 208K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/enhanced kalkulators
544K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/putty/orig 544K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/putty/orig
964K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/putty 964K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/putty
848K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/wifi ap 848K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/wifi ap
1.4M Documents/N95/tutorials/done/imap gmail 1.4m Documents/N95/tutorials/done/imap gmail
872K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/unsigned apps 872K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/unsigned progr
884K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/taskman 884K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/taskman
1.1M Documents/N95/tutorials/done/downthemall 1.1m Documents/N95/tutorials/done/downthemall
916K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/tethering bt 916K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/tethering BT
432K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/install apps wifi http 432K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/install progr wifi http
924K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/tethering usb 924K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/tethering usb
320K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/install stuff via bluetooth 320K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/install stuff caur bluetooth
416K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/smb4s60 416K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/smb4s60
1.1M Documents/N95/tutorials/done/download statusbar 1.1m Documents/N95/tutorials/done/download statusa joslu
308K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/install stuff via usb 308K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/install stuff caur usb
828K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/nokia step counter 828K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/nokia solis counter
4.3M Documents/N95/tutorials/todo 4.3M Documents/N95/tutorials/todo
52M Documents/N95/tutorials/ 52m Documents/N95/tutorials /
52M total 52m kopējā

This shows that my N95 tutorials directory is using a total of 52M and the breakdown of each directory's size. Tas parāda, ka mana N95 tutorials katalogs izmanto pavisam 52m un sadalījumu katra direktorija lieluma.

head galva

Display the first few lines of a file. Display dažas pirmās līnijas failu.

[kmurray@radon ~]$ head /var/log/yum.log [kmurray @ radons ~] $ vadītājs / var / log / yum.log
Jun 13 22:30:33 Installed: bash-completion-20060301-10.noarch 13 jūnijs 22:30:33 uzstādīti: bash pabeidzis-20.060.301, 10.noarch
Jun 13 22:31:31 Installed: yum-downloadonly-1.1.13-2.fc9.noarch 13 jūnijs 22:31:31 uzstādīti: yum-downloadonly-1.1.13-2.fc9.noarch
Jun 14 06:20:11 Installed: swfdec-0.6.6-1.fc9.i386 14 jūnijs 06:20:11 uzstādīti: swfdec-0.6.6-1.fc9.i386
Jun 14 06:20:13 Installed: swfdec-gtk-0.6.6-1.fc9.i386 14 jūnijs 06:20:13 uzstādīti: swfdec-gtk-0.6.6-1.fc9.i386
Jun 14 06:20:14 Installed: swfdec-mozilla-0.6.0-1.fc9.i386 14 jūnijs 06:20:14 uzstādīti: swfdec-mozilla-0.6.0-1.fc9.i386
Jun 14 06:34:41 Updated: libxml2-2.6.32-2.fc9.i386 14 jūnijs 06:34:41 Atjaunots: libxml2-2.6.32-2.fc9.i386
Jun 14 06:34:41 Updated: dbus-glib-0.74-8.fc9.i386 14 jūnijs 06:34:41 Atjaunots: DBUS-glib-0,74-8.fc9.i386
Jun 14 06:34:42 Updated: libselinux-2.0.64-2.fc9.i386 14 jūnijs 06:34:42 Atjaunots: libselinux-2.0.64-2.fc9.i386
Jun 14 06:34:43 Updated: e2fsprogs-libs-1.40.8-3.fc9.i386 14 jūnijs 06:34:43 Atjaunots: e2fsprogs-libs-1.40.8-3.fc9.i386
Jun 14 06:34:43 Updated: audit-libs-1.7.4-1.fc9.i386 14 jūnijs 06:34:43 Atjaunots: audita libs-1.7.4-1.fc9.i386

By default, head displays the first 10 lines. head -20 /var/log/yum.log would show the first 20 lines. Pēc noklusējuma, galvas parāda pirmās 10 pozīcijas. Galvas -20 / var / log / yum.log varētu parādīt pirmās 20 pozīcijas. You can use any arbitrary number. Jūs varat izmantot jebkuru patvaļīgu skaitli.

tail aste

Display the last few lines of a file. Display pēdējo līnijām failu.

[kmurray@radon ~]$ tail /var/log/yum.log [kmurray @ radons ~] $ tail / var / log / yum.log
Oct 30 23:19:56 Updated: 6:kdebase-libs-4.1.2-5.fc9.i386 30 oktobris 23:19:56 Updated: 6: kdebase-libs-4.1.2-5.fc9.i386
Oct 30 23:19:57 Updated: 6:kdemultimedia-libs-4.1.2-2.fc9.i386 30 oktobris 23:19:57 Updated: 6: kdemultimedia-libs-4.1.2-2.fc9.i386
Oct 30 23:19:57 Updated: ksysguardd-4.1.2-6.fc9.i386 30 oktobris 23:19:57 Atjaunots: ksysguardd-4.1.2-6.fc9.i386
Oct 30 23:19:58 Updated: phonon-backend-xine-4.1.2-5.fc9.i386 30 oktobris 23:19:58 Atjaunots: Fonons-backend-xine-4.1.2-5.fc9.i386
Oct 30 23:20:08 Updated: kdebase-runtime-4.1.2-5.fc9.i386 30 oktobris 23:20:08 Atjaunots: kdebase-runtime-4.1.2-5.fc9.i386
Oct 30 23:20:11 Updated: kdebase-workspace-libs-4.1.2-6.fc9.i386 30 oktobris 23:20:11 Atjaunots: kdebase-darbvietu-libs-4.1.2-6.fc9.i386
Oct 30 23:20:21 Updated: kdebase-workspace-4.1.2-6.fc9.i386 30 oktobris 23:20:21 Atjaunots: kdebase-darbvietu-4.1.2-6.fc9.i386
Oct 30 23:20:27 Updated: 6:kdebase-4.1.2-5.fc9.i386 30 oktobris 23:20:27 Updated: 6: kdebase-4.1.2-5.fc9.i386
Oct 30 23:20:39 Installed: kdebase-runtime-libs-4.1.2-5.fc9.i386 30 oktobris 23:20:39 uzstādīti: kdebase-runtime-libs-4.1.2-5.fc9.i386
Oct 30 23:20:42 Updated: 6:kdemultimedia-4.1.2-2.fc9.i386 30 oktobris 23:20:42 Updated: 6: kdemultimedia-4.1.2-2.fc9.i386

By default, tail displays the last 10 lines. tail -30 /var/log/yum.log would show the last 30 lines. Pēc noklusējuma, astes rāda pēdējās 10 rindas. Asti -30 / var / log / yum.log parādītu pēdējo 30 pozīcijas. You can use any arbitrary number. Jūs varat izmantot jebkuru patvaļīgu skaitli.

grep grep

Search for a specific string within a file. Meklēt konkrētu virknes ietvaros failu. (use zgrep to search a gzipped file) (lietot zgrep meklēt gzipped fails)

[kmurray@radon ~]$ grep firefox /var/log/yum.log [kmurray @ radons ~] $ grep firefox / var / log / yum.log
Jun 19 16:19:33 Updated: firefox-3.0-1.fc9.i386 19 jūnijs 16:19:33 Atjaunots: firefox-3.0-1.fc9.i386
Jul 24 04:48:06 Updated: firefox-3.0.1-1.fc9.i386 24 jūlijs 04:48:06 Atjaunots: firefox-3.0.1-1.fc9.i386
Oct 18 03:13:52 Updated: firefox-3.0.2-1.fc9.i386 18 oktobris 03:13:52 Atjaunots: firefox-3.0.2-1.fc9.i386

This shows that “firefox” is listed three times in this file. Tas liecina, ka "Firefox" ir uzskaitīti trīs reizes this file.

type veids

Determine which directory a command is in. Noteikt, kuri katalogs komanda ir iekšā

[kmurray@radon ~]$ type ping [kmurray @ radons ~] $ tips ping
ping is hashed (/bin/ping) ping ir sajaukts (/ bin / ping)

Ahh, so ping lives in /bin. Ahh, tā ping dzīvo / bin.

locate izvietot

Locate any arbitrary file on the filesystem. Izvietot jebkāda patvaļīga failu filesystem.

[kmurray@radon ~]$ locate *.rpm [kmurray @ radons ~] $ atrast *. rpm
/home/kmurray/Download/VirtualBox-2.0.2_36488_fedora9-1.i386.rpm / home/kmurray/Download/VirtualBox-2.0.2_36488_fedora9-1.i386.rpm
/home/kmurray/Download/VirtualBox-2.0.4_38406_fedora9-1.i386.rpm / home/kmurray/Download/VirtualBox-2.0.4_38406_fedora9-1.i386.rpm
/home/kmurray/Download/skype-2.0.0.72-fc5.i586.rpm / home/kmurray/Download/skype-2.0.0.72-fc5.i586.rpm
/home/kmurray/Download/synaptics-0.14.6-8.fc9.i386.rpm / home/kmurray/Download/synaptics-0.14.6-8.fc9.i386.rpm

I have four rpm files on this computer, all of them in /home/kmurray/Download. Man ir četras rpm faili šajā datorā, visi no tiem in / home / kmurray / download.

file fails

Determine what type a file is. Noteikt, kāda veida fails.

[kmurray@radon ~]$ file /bin/ping [kmurray @ radons ~] $ file / bin / ping
/bin/ping: setuid ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked (uses shared libs), for GNU/Linux 2.6.9, stripped / bin / ping: Setuid ELF 32-bit LSB izpildāmā, Intel 80.386, version 1 (SysV), dinamiski saistīti (izmanto koplietojamo libs), par GNU / Linux 2.6.9, dzīslu

ping is a binary file. ping ir binārs fails.

[kmurray@radon ~]$ file Mythbusters.S02E04.flv [kmurray @ radons ~] $ fails Mythbusters.S02E04.flv
Mythbusters.flv: Macromedia Flash Video Mythbusters.flv: Macromedia Flash Spēles

Mythbusters.S02E04.flv is a video. Mythbusters.S02E04.flv ir video.

[kmurray@radon ~]$ file /var/log/yum.log [kmurray @ radons ~] $ file / var / log / yum.log
/var/log/yum.log: ASCII text / var / log / yum.log: ASCII text

/var/log/yum.log is a plain text file. / var / log / yum.log ir vienkārša teksta failā.

history vēsture

Shows what commands you have been running on the command line. Parāda, ko komandas esat darbojas komandrindas.

[kmurray@radon ~]$ history [kmurray @ radons ~] $ vēsture

991 du -hc Documents/N95/tutorials/ 991 du-hc Documents/N95/tutorials /
992 ls /var/log/messages 992 ls / var / log / messages
993 tail /var/log/messages 993 tail / var / log / messages
994 ls 994 ls
995 ls /var/log/ 995 Ls / var / log /
996 ls -lh /var/log/ 996 ls-lh / var / log /
997 tail /var/log/yum.log 997 tail / var / log / yum.log
998 head /var/log/yum.log 998 vadītājs / var / log / yum.log
999 grep firefox /var/log/yum.log 999 grep firefox / var / log / yum.log
1000 sudo su - 1.000 sudo su --
1001 cd src/ 1.001 cd src /
1002 ls 1.002 ls
1003 tar -xvzf TrueCrypt\ 6.1\ Source.tar.gz 1.003 tar-xvzf TrueCrypt \ 6,1 \ Source.tar.gz
1004 cd truecrypt-6.1-source/ 1.004 cd TrueCrypt-6.1-source /
1005 ls 1.005 ls
1006 less Readme.txt 1.006 mazāk Readme.txt
1007 make 1.007 darīt
1008 less Readme.txt 1.008 mazāk Readme.txt
1009 make 1.009 darīt
1010 make 1.010 darīt
1011 cd 1.011 cd
1012 cd .VirtualBox/VDI/ 1.012 cd .VirtualBox / VDI /
1013 ls 1.013 ls
1014 cat RawUSBsdb.vdi 1.014 kaķis RawUSBsdb.vdi
1015 mv RawUSBsdb.vdi RawUSBsdb1G.vdi 1.015 mv RawUSBsdb.vdi RawUSBsdb1G.vdi
1016 cp RawUSBsdb1G.vdi RawUSBsdb2G.vdi 1.016 cp RawUSBsdb1G.vdi RawUSBsdb2G.vdi
1017 vim RawUSBsdb2G.vdi 1.017 spars RawUSBsdb2G.vdi
1018 rm RawUSBsdb2G.vdi 1.018 rm RawUSBsdb2G.vdi
1019 pwd 1.019 PWD
1020 VBoxManage internalcommands createrawvmdk -filename /home/kmurray/.VirtualBox 1.020 VBoxManage internalcommands createrawvmdk-filename / home / kmurray / .VirtualBox
1021 cat RawUSBsdb2G.vdi 1.021 kaķis RawUSBsdb2G.vdi
1022 cd 1.022 cd

In order to discover which commands I use most so I could write this list, I used a combination of five different commands all piped together: Lai atrastu komandas es izmantoju visvairāk, lai es varētu rakstīt šajā sarakstā, es kombinācija no piecām dažādām komandām visas caurulēm kopā:

history | awk {'print $2′} | sort | uniq | less history | awk ( 'print $ 2') | sort | uniq | mazāks

awk {'print $2′} causes only the second column of the output to be displayed, sort puts everything in alphabetical order, uniq cuts out all the duplicates, and less causes the output to be displayed one screen at a time. awk ( 'print $ 2') rada tikai otrajā slejā produkciju izvieto, kārtot liek viss notiek alfabētiskā secībā, uniq izcirtņi visus dublikātus un mazāk izraisa produkciju izvieto vienu ekrāna laikā.

If you have any favourite bash commands that you would like to share, please tell us about them in the comments below. Ja jums ir mīļākā bash komandas, kuru vēlaties dalīties, lūdzu, pastāstiet mums par tiem zem komentāriem.