This isn’t really a tutorial, more like a list of some of the bash commands that I use the most and a very brief description of what I use them for. Isto não é realmente um tutorial, mais como uma lista de alguns dos comandos bash que eu use a mais e uma breve descrição do que eu usá-los para.
ifconfig
Used to find out your IP address. Usado para descobrir seu endereço IP. (look at wlan0, the line beginning with ‘inet addr’) (veja na wlan0, a linha começando com 'inet addr')
[kmurray@radon ~]$ /sbin/ifconfig [kmurray @ radão ~] $ / sbin / ifconfig
lo Link encap:Local Loopback lo Link encap: Local Loopback
inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet addr: 127.0.0.1 Mask: 255.0.0.0
inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host endereço inet6::: 1 / 128 Scope: Host
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 UP loopback RUNNING MTU: 16436 Metric: 1
RX packets:19266 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 Pacotes RX: 19266 erros: 0 baixaram: 0 derrapagens: 0 frame: 0
TX packets:19266 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 TX pacotes: 19266 erros: 0 baixaram: 0 derrapagens: 0 carrier: 0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 colisões: 0 txqueuelen: 0
RX bytes:963988 (941.3 KiB) TX bytes:963988 (941.3 KiB) RX bytes: 963988 (941,3 KiB) TX bytes: 963988 (941,3 KiB)
wlan0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:1A:73:0F:0E:FD wlan0 Link encap: Ethernet HWaddr 0:01 A: 73:0 F: 0E: FD
inet addr:192.168.1.139 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet addr: 192.168.1.139 Bcast: 192.168.1.255 Mask: 255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::21a:73ff:fe0f:efd/64 Scope:Link endereço inet6: fe80:: 21a: 73ff: fe0f: efd/64 Escopo: Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 UP BROADCAST multicast RUNNING MTU: 1500 Metric: 1
RX packets:8712 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 Pacotes RX: 8712 erros: 0 baixaram: 0 derrapagens: 0 frame: 0
TX packets:8944 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 TX pacotes: 8944 erros: 0 baixaram: 0 derrapagens: 0 carrier: 0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 colisões: 0 txqueuelen: 1000
RX bytes:8002586 (7.6 MiB) TX bytes:3113446 (2.9 MiB) RX bytes: 8002586 (7,6 MiB) TX bytes: 3113446 (2,9 MiB)
route -n rota-n
Used to find the IP address of your default gateway. Usado para encontrar o endereço IP do seu gateway padrão. (look for the line with a G in the Flags column} (procure por uma linha com o G na coluna Flags)
[kmurray@radon ~]$ /sbin/route -n [kmurray @ radão ~] $ / sbin / rota-n
Kernel IP routing table Roteamento IP do Kernel mesa
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface Destino Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref uso iface
192.168.1.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 wlan0 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 wlan0
0.0.0.0 192.168.1.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 wlan0 0.0.0.0 192.168.1.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 wlan0
ip
I use this one similarly to ifconfig and route. Eu uso desta forma semelhante a um ifconfig e route.
[kmurray@radon ~]$ /sbin/ip route [kmurray @ radão ~] $ / sbin / ip rota
192.168.1.0/24 dev wlan0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.1.139 192.168.1.0/24 dev wlan0 proto kernel âmbito link src 192.168.1.139
default via 192.168.1.1 dev wlan0 proto static default via 192.168.1.1 dev wlan0 proto static
[kmurray@radon ~]$ /sbin/ip addr [kmurray @ radão ~] $ / sbin / ip addr
1: lo: 1: lo:
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00 Link / loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 BRD 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo inet 127.0.0.1 / 8 escopo acolhimento lo
inet6 ::1/128 scope host inet6:: 1 / 128 âmbito de acolhimento
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever valid_lft eternamente preferred_lft eternamente
2: eth0: 2: eth0:
link/ether 00:16:d4:ec:25:4b brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff Link / éter 00:16: d4: CE: 25:4 b BRD ff: ff: ff: ff: ff: ff
3: wlan0: 3: wlan0:
link/ether 00:1a:73:0f:0e:fd brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff Link / éter um 0:01: 73:0 f: 0e: BRD fd ff: ff: ff: ff: ff: ff
inet 192.168.1.139/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global wlan0 inet 192.168.1.139/24 BRD 192.168.1.255 alcance global wlan0
inet6 fe80::21a:73ff:fe0f:efd/64 scope link inet6 fe80:: 21a: 73ff: fe0f: efd/64 âmbito link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever valid_lft eternamente preferred_lft eternamente
ping
Used to test network connectivity. Usados para testar a conectividade de rede.
[kmurray@radon ~]$ ping 192.168.1.1 [kmurray @ radão ~] $ ping 192.168.1.1
PING 192.168.1.1 (192.168.1.1) 56(84) bytes of data. PING 192.168.1.1 (192.168.1.1) 56 (84) bytes de dados.
64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=1.23 ms 64 bytes de 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq = 1 ttl = 64 time = 1.23 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=1.17 ms 64 bytes de 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq = 2 ttl = 64 time = 1.17 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=1.14 ms 64 bytes de 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq = 3 TTL = 64 time = 1.14 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=1.19 ms 64 bytes de 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq = 4 ttl = 64 time = 1.19 ms
^C ^ C
— 192.168.1.1 ping statistics — - Ping 192.168.1.1 estatísticas --
4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3268ms 4 pacotes transmitidos, recebeu 4, 0% packet perda, tempo 3268ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.149/1.190/1.238/0.032 ms TTR min / avg / max / mdev = 1.149/1.190/1.238/0.032 ms
traceroute
Another network connectivity tool. Outra ferramenta de conectividade de rede. This one tells you how many routers you have to go through in order to connect to a particular host. Este um diz-lhe quantos roteadores você tem que percorrer, a fim de ligar para um determinado host.
[kmurray@radon ~]$ traceroute simplehelp.net [kmurray @ radão ~] $ traceroute simplehelp.net
traceroute to simplehelp.net (74.52.95.42), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets traceroute para simplehelp.net (74.52.95.42), 30 saltos no máximo, 60 byte pacotes
1 192.168.1.1 (192.168.1.1) 1.121 ms 2.010 ms 2.218 ms 1 192.168.1.1 (192.168.1.1) 1,121 ms 2,010 ms 2,218 ms
2 24.68.178.1 (24.68.178.1) 25.950 ms * * 2 24.68.178.1 (24.68.178.1) 25,950 ms * *
3 * * * 3 * * *
4 * * * 4 * * *
5 rc2bb-pos0-1-5-0.vc.shawcable.net (66.163.77.185) 39.178 ms 128.371 ms 50.787 ms 5 rc2bb-pos0-1-5-0.vc.shawcable.net (66.163.77.185) 39,178 ms 128,371 ms 50.787 ms
6 rc2sj-pos6-0-0.cl.shawcable.net (66.163.77.70) 119.703 ms 76.364 ms 88.337 ms 6 rc2sj-pos6-0-0.cl.shawcable.net (66.163.77.70) 119,703 ms 76.364 ms 88.337 ms
7 rc2sj-ge2-0-0.cl.shawcable.net (66.163.67.10) 110.862 ms 55.853 ms * 7 rc2sj-ge2-0-0.cl.shawcable.net (66.163.67.10) 110,862 ms 55.853 ms *
8 * rx0sj-comcast.cl.shawcable.net (66.163.67.110) 61.930 ms 109.439 ms 8 * rx0sj-comcast.cl.shawcable.net (66.163.67.110) 61,930 ms 109,439 ms
9 pos-0-8-0-0-cr01.losangeles.ca.ibone.comcast.net (68.86.85.82) 79.587 ms 102.306 ms 81.225 ms 9 pos-0-8-0-0-cr01.losangeles.ca.ibone.comcast.net (68.86.85.82) 79,587 ms 102,306 ms 81.225 ms
10 pos-0-9-0-0-cr01.dallas.tx.ibone.comcast.net (68.86.85.142) 120.064 ms 125.584 ms 118.207 ms 10 pos-0-9-0-0-cr01.dallas.tx.ibone.comcast.net (68.86.85.142) 120,064 ms 125,584 ms 118,207 ms
11 68.86.88.50 (68.86.88.50) 107.133 ms 109.350 ms 113.994 ms 11 68.86.88.50 (68.86.88.50) 107,133 ms 109,350 ms 113,994 ms
12 te9-1.dsr02.dllstx3.theplanet.com (70.87.253.22) 87.928 ms 87.949 ms te9-1.dsr01.dllstx3.theplanet.com (70.87.253.6) 89.500 ms 12 te9-1.dsr02.dllstx3.theplanet.com (70.87.253.22) 87,928 ms 87.949 ms te9-1.dsr01.dllstx3.theplanet.com (70.87.253.6) 89,500 ms
13 76.fd.5746.static.theplanet.com (70.87.253.118) 99.789 ms 97.329 ms 100.789 ms 13 76.fd.5746.static.theplanet.com (70.87.253.118) 99,789 ms 97.329 ms 100,789 ms
14 po1.car03.dllstx6.theplanet.com (12.96.160.5) 91.323 ms 91.788 ms po2.car03.dllstx6.theplanet.com (12.96.160.37) 89.571 ms 14 po1.car03.dllstx6.theplanet.com (12.96.160.5) 91,323 ms 91.788 ms po2.car03.dllstx6.theplanet.com (12.96.160.37) 89,571 ms
15 2a.5f.344a.static.theplanet.com (74.52.95.42) 92.695 ms 92.601 ms 91.871 ms 15 2a.5f.344a.static.theplanet.com (74.52.95.42) 92,695 ms 92.601 ms 91.871 ms
host anfitrião
Used to look up the IP address of a fully qualified domain name. Usado para procurar o endereço IP de um nome de domínio totalmente qualificado.
[kmurray@radon ~]$ host simplehelp.net [kmurray @ radão ~] $ host simplehelp.net
simplehelp.net has address 74.52.95.42 simplehelp.net tem endereço 74.52.95.42
simplehelp.net mail is handled by 10 aspmx.l.google.com. simplehelp.net mail sejam manipuladas por 10 aspmx.l.google.com.
dig desenterrar
A more advanced DNS query tool. A mais avançada ferramenta consulta DNS.
[kmurray@radon ~]$ dig simplehelp.net a [kmurray @ radão ~] $ cavar um simplehelp.net
; <<>> DiG 9.5.0-P2 <<>> simplehelp.net a ; <<>> DIG 9.5.0-P2 <<>> simplehelp.net um
;; global options: printcmd ;; Mundial opções: printcmd
;; Got answer: ;; Got resposta:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 25242 ;; ->> HEADER <<- Opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 25242
;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 0 ;; Bandeiras: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, RESPOSTA: 1, AUTHORITY: 0, ADICIONAIS: 0
;; QUESTION SECTION: ;; SEÇÃO PERGUNTA:
;simplehelp.net. ; simplehelp.net. IN A EM UM
;; ANSWER SECTION: ;; SECÇÃO RESPOSTA:
simplehelp.net. 86238 IN A 74.52.95.42 86238 IN A 74.52.95.42
;; Query time: 1 msec ;; Query time: 1 msec
;; SERVER: 192.168.1.1#53(192.168.1.1) ;; SERVIDOR: 192.168.1.1 # 53 (192.168.1.1)
;; WHEN: Fri Oct 31 20:21:49 2008 ;; QUANDO: Sat Oct 31 20:21:49 2008
;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 48 ;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 48
This shows that the IP address of the server where simplehelp.net resides is 74.52.95.42. Isso mostra que o endereço IP do servidor onde reside é simplehelp.net 74.52.95.42.
[kmurray@radon ~]$ dig simplehelp.net mx [kmurray @ radão ~] $ dig simplehelp.net mx
; <<>> DiG 9.5.0-P2 <<>> simplehelp.net mx ; <<>> DIG 9.5.0-P2 <<>> simplehelp.net mx
;; global options: printcmd ;; Mundial opções: printcmd
;; Got answer: ;; Got resposta:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 17277 ;; ->> HEADER <<- Opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 17277
;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 2 ;; Bandeiras: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, RESPOSTA: 1, AUTHORITY: 0, ADICIONAIS: 2
;; QUESTION SECTION: ;; SEÇÃO PERGUNTA:
;simplehelp.net. ; simplehelp.net. IN MX IN MX
;; ANSWER SECTION: ;; SECÇÃO RESPOSTA:
simplehelp.net. 86317 IN MX 10 aspmx.l.google.com. 86317 IN MX 10 aspmx.l.google.com.
;; ADDITIONAL SECTION: ;; Secção adicional:
aspmx.l.google.com. 180 IN A 209.85.199.27 180 IN A 209.85.199.27
aspmx.l.google.com. 180 IN A 209.85.199.114 180 IN A 209.85.199.114
;; Query time: 40 msec ;; Query tempo: 40 ms
;; SERVER: 192.168.1.1#53(192.168.1.1) ;; SERVIDOR: 192.168.1.1 # 53 (192.168.1.1)
;; WHEN: Fri Oct 31 20:21:51 2008 ;; QUANDO: Sat Oct 31 20:21:51 2008
;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 98 ;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 98
This shows that mail for simplehelp.net is managed by aspmx.l.google.com and that aspmx.l.google.com has two IP addresses, 209.85.199.27 and 209.85.199.114. Isso mostra que o mail para simplehelp.net é gerida pelo aspmx.l.google.com aspmx.l.google.com e que tem dois endereços IP, 209.85.199.27 e 209.85.199.114.
[kmurray@radon ~]$ dig simplehelp.net ns [kmurray @ radão ~] $ dig simplehelp.net ns
; <<>> DiG 9.5.0-P2 <<>> simplehelp.net ns ; <<>> DIG 9.5.0-P2 <<>> simplehelp.net ns
;; global options: printcmd ;; Mundial opções: printcmd
;; Got answer: ;; Got resposta:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 62957 ;; ->> HEADER <<- Opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 62957
;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 2, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 8 ;; Bandeiras: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, RESPOSTA: 2, AUTHORITY: 0, ADICIONAIS: 8
;; QUESTION SECTION: ;; SEÇÃO PERGUNTA:
;simplehelp.net. ; simplehelp.net. IN NS IN NS
;; ANSWER SECTION: ;; SECÇÃO RESPOSTA:
simplehelp.net. 70617 IN NS ns1.theplanet.com. 70617 IN NS ns1.theplanet.com.
simplehelp.net. 70617 IN NS ns2.theplanet.com. 70617 IN NS ns2.theplanet.com.
;; ADDITIONAL SECTION: ;; Secção adicional:
ns1.theplanet.com. 172785 IN A 70.86.61.133 172785 IN A 70.86.61.133
ns2.theplanet.com. 172785 IN A 70.86.61.135 172785 IN A 70.86.61.135
ns1.theplanet.com. 172785 IN A 70.86.61.134 172785 IN A 70.86.61.134
ns2.theplanet.com. 172785 IN A 70.87.7.73 172785 NUM 70.87.7.73
ns1.theplanet.com. 172785 IN A 70.87.7.71 172785 NUM 70.87.7.71
ns1.theplanet.com. 172785 IN A 70.87.7.70 172785 NUM 70.87.7.70
ns2.theplanet.com. 172785 IN A 70.86.61.136 172785 IN A 70.86.61.136
ns2.theplanet.com. 172785 IN A 70.87.7.72 172785 NUM 70.87.7.72
;; Query time: 33 msec ;; Query tempo: 33 ms
;; SERVER: 192.168.1.1#53(192.168.1.1) ;; SERVIDOR: 192.168.1.1 # 53 (192.168.1.1)
;; WHEN: Fri Oct 31 20:21:55 2008 ;; QUANDO: Sat Oct 31 20:21:55 2008
;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 209 ;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 209
This shows that DNS for simplehelp.net is handled by ns1.theplanet.com and ns2.theplanet.com. Isto mostra que para simplehelp.net DNS é processada por ns1.theplanet.com e ns2.theplanet.com. It also shows that these nameservers have multiple IP addresses. Também mostra que esses nomes têm vários endereços IP.
iwlist
Get information from a wireless interface. Obter informações a partir de uma interface sem fios. (this one needs to be run as root) (este um tem de correr como root)
[root@radon ~]# iwlist wlan0 scan [root @ radão ~] # iwlist wlan0 scan
wlan0 Scan completed : wlan0 Scan completou:
Cell 01 - Address: 00:10:18:90:20:DB Cell 01 - Endereço: 00:10:18:90:20: DB
ESSID:”Coffee” ESSID: "Café"
Mode:Master Mode: Master
Channel:6 Canal: 6
Frequency:2.437 GHz (Channel 6) Freqüência: 2,437 GHz (Canal 6)
Quality=96/100 Signal level:-37 dBm Noise level=-70 dBm 96/100 = qualidade do nível de sinal: -37 dBm Noise nível =- 70 dBm
Encryption key:off Chave de encriptação: off
Bit Rates:1 Mb/s; 2 Mb/s; 5.5 Mb/s; 11 Mb/s; 6 Mb/s Bit Preços: 1 Mb / s, 2 Mb / s; 5,5 Mb / s, 11 Mb / s; 6 Mb / s
9 Mb/s; 12 Mb/s; 18 Mb/s; 24 Mb/s; 36 Mb/s 9 Mb / s, 12 Mb / s; 18 Mb / s; 24 Mb / s; 36 Mb / s
48 Mb/s; 54 Mb/s 48 Mb / s; 54 Mb / s
Extra:tsf=0000017f91cc818a Extra: TSF = 0000017f91cc818a
Extra: Last beacon: 19ms ago Extra: Last beacon: 19ms atrás
Cell 02 - Address: 00:11:50:6E:BC:3A Cell 02 - Endereço: 00:11:50:6 E: BC: 3A
ESSID:”Belkin Traveler” ESSID: "Belkin Traveler"
Mode:Master Mode: Master
Channel:1 Canal: 1
Frequency:2.412 GHz (Channel 1) Freqüência: 2,412 GHz (Canal 1)
Quality=88/100 Signal level:-44 dBm Noise level=-70 dBm 88/100 = qualidade do nível de sinal: -44 dBm Noise nível =- 70 dBm
Encryption key:off Chave de encriptação: off
Bit Rates:1 Mb/s; 2 Mb/s; 5.5 Mb/s; 11 Mb/s; 6 Mb/s Bit Preços: 1 Mb / s, 2 Mb / s; 5,5 Mb / s, 11 Mb / s; 6 Mb / s
12 Mb/s; 24 Mb/s; 36 Mb/s; 9 Mb/s; 18 Mb/s 12 Mb / s; 24 Mb / s; 36 Mb / s; 9 Mb / s; 18 Mb / s
48 Mb/s; 54 Mb/s 48 Mb / s; 54 Mb / s
Extra:tsf=0000017f13571181 Extra: TSF = 0000017f13571181
Extra: Last beacon: 601ms ago Extra: Last beacon: 601ms atrás
Cell 03 - Address: 00:17:9A:9C:14:28 Cell 03 - Endereço: 00:17:9 A: 9C: 14:28
ESSID:”Abby” ESSID: "Abby"
Mode:Master Mode: Master
Channel:6 Canal: 6
Frequency:2.437 GHz (Channel 6) Freqüência: 2,437 GHz (Canal 6)
Quality=50/100 Signal level:-79 dBm Noise level=-70 dBm 50/100 = qualidade do nível de sinal: -79 dBm Noise nível =- 70 dBm
Encryption key:off Chave de encriptação: off
Bit Rates:1 Mb/s; 2 Mb/s; 5.5 Mb/s; 11 Mb/s; 6 Mb/s Bit Preços: 1 Mb / s, 2 Mb / s; 5,5 Mb / s, 11 Mb / s; 6 Mb / s
9 Mb/s; 12 Mb/s; 18 Mb/s; 24 Mb/s; 36 Mb/s 9 Mb / s, 12 Mb / s; 18 Mb / s; 24 Mb / s; 36 Mb / s
48 Mb/s; 54 Mb/s 48 Mb / s; 54 Mb / s
Extra:tsf=00000000cbe364d6 Extra: TSF = 00000000cbe364d6
Extra: Last beacon: 272ms ago Extra: Last beacon: 272ms atrás
Cell 04 - Address: 00:18:D1:A8:E8:1A Cell 04 - Endereço: 00:18: D1: A8: E8: 1A
ESSID:”Gigaset815″ ESSID: "Gigaset815"
Mode:Master Mode: Master
Channel:4 Canal: 4
Frequency:2.427 GHz (Channel 4) Freqüência: 2,427 GHz (Channel 4)
Quality=45/100 Signal level:-83 dBm Noise level=-70 dBm 45/100 = qualidade do nível de sinal: -83 dBm Noise nível =- 70 dBm
Encryption key:on Chave de encriptação: em
IE: WPA Version 1 IE: WPA Versão 1
Group Cipher : TKIP Grupo Cifra: TKIP
Pairwise Ciphers (1) : TKIP Emparelhados Cifras (1): TKIP
Authentication Suites (1) : PSK Autenticação Suites (1): PSK
Bit Rates:1 Mb/s; 2 Mb/s; 5.5 Mb/s; 11 Mb/s; 22 Mb/s Bit Preços: 1 Mb / s, 2 Mb / s; 5,5 Mb / s, 11 Mb / s; 22 Mb / s
6 Mb/s; 9 Mb/s; 12 Mb/s; 18 Mb/s; 24 Mb/s 6 Mb / s; 9 Mb / s, 12 Mb / s; 18 Mb / s; 24 Mb / s
36 Mb/s; 48 Mb/s; 54 Mb/s 36 Mb / s; 48 Mb / s; 54 Mb / s
Extra:tsf=0000015633a50e12 Extra: TSF = 0000015633a50e12
Extra: Last beacon: 571ms ago Extra: Last beacon: 571ms atrás
This shows that my computer currently sees four different wireless networks in the area along with their names, channels, signal strength, and whether or not they are encrypted or open. Isso mostra que o meu computador vê atualmente quatro diferentes redes sem fio na área, juntamente com os seus nomes, os canais, potência do sinal, e se são ou não abertos ou encriptados.
iwconfig
Like ifconfig, but for information about your wireless settings. Tal como ifconfig, mas o seu celular para obter informações sobre as configurações.
[kmurray@radon ~]$ /sbin/iwconfig [kmurray @ radão ~] $ / sbin / iwconfig
lo no wireless extensions. lo sem extensões sem fio.
eth0 no wireless extensions. eth0 sem extensões sem fio.
wlan0 IEEE 802.11bg ESSID:”Coffee” wlan0 IEEE 802.11bg ESSID: "Café"
Mode:Managed Frequency:2.437 GHz Access Point: 00:10:18:90:20:DB Mode: Managed Frequency: 2,437 GHz Access Point: 00:10:18:90:20: DB
Bit Rate=54 Mb/s Tx-Power=27 dBm Bit Rate = 54 Mb / s Tx-Power = 27 dBm
Retry min limit:7 RTS thr:off Fragment thr=2352 B Repetir min limite: 7 RTS THR: off Fragment THR B = 2352
Link Quality=96/100 Signal level:-37 dBm Noise level=-70 dBm Link Quality = 96/100 do nível de sinal: -37 dBm Noise nível =- 70 dBm
Rx invalid nwid:0 Rx invalid crypt:0 Rx invalid frag:0 Rx nwid inválidos: 0 Rx inválido crypt: 0 Rx desem inválidos: 0
Tx excessive retries:0 Invalid misc:0 Missed beacon:0 Tx excessivo retries: 0 Invalid misc: 0 Errou beacon: 0
This shows that I’m currently connected to a wireless network called Coffee at 54 Mb/s and the signal strength is very good at 96%. Isso mostra que estou actualmente ligado a uma rede sem fio chamado Café a 54 Mb / s, o sinal é muito bom em 96%.
free livre
How much memory and swap space is used/free. Quanta memória e espaço swap é utilizada / livre.
[kmurray@radon ~]$ free -m [kmurray @ radão ~] $ free-m
total used free shared buffers cached total utilizado gratuitamente compartilhada buffers cached
Mem: 2017 1659 357 0 42 1078 Mem: 2017 1659 357 0 42 1078
-/+ buffers/cache: 538 1478 - / + Buffers / cache: 538 1478
Swap: 1983 0 1983 Swap: 1983 0 1983
mount montar
Without any parameters, used to display mounted filesystems. Sem nenhum parâmetro, usado para exibir arquivos montado.
[kmurray@radon ~]$ mount [kmurray @ radão ~] $ mount
/dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol00 on / type ext3 (rw,noatime) / dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol00 on / tipo ext3 (rw, noatime)
proc on /proc type proc (rw) proc on / proc proc tipo (rw)
sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) sysfs on / sys sysfs tipo (rw)
devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620) devpts on / dev / pts devpts tipo (rw, gid = 5, mode = 620)
/dev/sda2 on /boot type ext3 (rw,noatime) / dev/sda2 on / boot tipo ext3 (rw, noatime)
tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw) tmpfs on / dev / shm tipo tmpfs (rw)
none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw) none on / proc / sys / fs / binfmt_misc tipo binfmt_misc (rw)
sunrpc on /var/lib/nfs/rpc_pipefs type rpc_pipefs (rw) sunrpc em / var / lib / nfs / rpc_pipefs tipo rpc_pipefs (rw)
fusectl on /sys/fs/fuse/connections type fusectl (rw) fusectl on / sys / fs / fusível / conexões tipo fusectl (rw)
gvfs-fuse-daemon on /home/kmurray/.gvfs type fuse.gvfs-fuse-daemon(rw,nosuid,nodev,user=kmurray) gvfs-fusível-daemon em / home / kmurray / .gvfs tipo fuse.gvfs-fusível-daemon (rw, nosuid, nodev, kmurray usuário =)
/dev/sda1 on /media/disk type fuseblk (rw,nosuid,nodev,allow_other,blksize=4096) / dev/sda1 on / media / disk tipo fuseblk (rw, nosuid, nodev, allow_other, blksize = 4096)
The interesting lines above are the ones indicating /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol00 on /, /dev/sda2 on /boot, and /dev/sda1 on /media/disk. O interessante linhas acima são as únicas que indica / dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol00 on /, / dev/sda2 em / boot, e / dev/sda1 on / media / disco.
df
Show disk space usage. Mostre a utilização de espaço em disco.
[kmurray@radon ~]$ df -h [kmurray @ radão ~] $ df-h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on Tamanho Disponível uso de arquivos usado em montagens%
/dev/sda2 190M 19M 162M 11% /boot / dev/sda2 190M 19m 162M 11% / boot
tmpfs 1009M 1.1M 1008M 1% /dev/shm tmpfs 1009M 1,1 milhões 1008M 1% / dev / shm
gvfs-fuse-daemon 60G 44G 16G 74% /home/kmurray/.gvfs gvfs-fusível-daemon 60g 44G 16G 74% / home / kmurray / .gvfs
/dev/sda1 31G 29G 2.5G 93% /media/disk / dev/sda1 31G 29G 2.5G 93% / media / disco
This shows that /dev/sda1 is almost full at 93%. Isto mostra que / dev/sda1 está quase completa em 93%. Time to delete some files or upgrade the disk. Tempo para apagar alguns ficheiros ou actualizar o disco.
du
Show disk space usage in a directory. Mostre a utilização de espaço em disco em um diretório.
[kmurray@radon ~]$ du -hc Documents/N95/tutorials/ [kmurray @ radão ~] $ du-hc Documents/N95/tutorials /
380K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/bluetooth gps 380K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/bluetooth gps
480K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/putty fonts 480K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/putty fonts
1.4M Documents/N95/tutorials/done/gparted 1,4 Documents/N95/tutorials/done/gparted
1.1M Documents/N95/tutorials/done/remote filesystem gnome 1,1 milhões de arquivos Documents/N95/tutorials/done/remote gnome
1.4M Documents/N95/tutorials/done/gnome keyboard shortcuts 1,4 Documents/N95/tutorials/done/gnome atalhos de teclado
2.1M Documents/N95/tutorials/done/download helper 2.1m Documents/N95/tutorials/done/download ajudante
992K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/mconnection 992K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/mconnection
1008K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/snap links 1008K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/snap links
5.0M Documents/N95/tutorials/done/watermark gimp 5.0M Documents/N95/tutorials/done/watermark gimp
1.2M Documents/N95/tutorials/done/gnome disk usage 1.2m Documents/N95/tutorials/done/gnome uso do disco
208K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/enhanced calculator 208K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/enhanced calculadora
544K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/putty/orig 544K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/putty/orig
964K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/putty 964K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/putty
848K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/wifi ap 848K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/wifi ap
1.4M Documents/N95/tutorials/done/imap gmail 1,4 Documents/N95/tutorials/done/imap gmail
872K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/unsigned apps 872K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/unsigned apps
884K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/taskman 884k Documents/N95/tutorials/done/taskman
1.1M Documents/N95/tutorials/done/downthemall 1,1 milhões Documents/N95/tutorials/done/downthemall
916K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/tethering bt 916K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/tethering bt
432K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/install apps wifi http 432K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/install apps wifi http
924K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/tethering usb 924K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/tethering usb
320K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/install stuff via bluetooth 320K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/install coisas via bluetooth
416K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/smb4s60 416K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/smb4s60
1.1M Documents/N95/tutorials/done/download statusbar 1,1 milhões Documents/N95/tutorials/done/download statusbar
308K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/install stuff via usb 308K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/install coisas via usb
828K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/nokia step counter 828K Documents/N95/tutorials/done/nokia passo counter
4.3M Documents/N95/tutorials/todo 4.3M Documents/N95/tutorials/todo
52M Documents/N95/tutorials/ 52M Documents/N95/tutorials /
52M total 52M total
This shows that my N95 tutorials directory is using a total of 52M and the breakdown of each directory’s size. Isso mostra que o meu N95 tutoriais diretório está usando um total de 52M e da desagregação do tamanho de cada diretório.
head cabeça
Display the first few lines of a file. Mostrar as primeiras linhas de um arquivo.
[kmurray@radon ~]$ head /var/log/yum.log [kmurray @ radão ~] $ head / var / log / yum.log
Jun 13 22:30:33 Installed: bash-completion-20060301-10.noarch Jun 13 22:30:33 Instalada: bash-preenchimento-20060301-10.noarch
Jun 13 22:31:31 Installed: yum-downloadonly-1.1.13-2.fc9.noarch Jun 13 22:31:31 Instalada: yum-downloadonly-1.1.13-2.fc9.noarch
Jun 14 06:20:11 Installed: swfdec-0.6.6-1.fc9.i386 Jun 14 06:20:11 Instalada: swfdec-0.6.6-1.fc9.i386
Jun 14 06:20:13 Installed: swfdec-gtk-0.6.6-1.fc9.i386 Jun 14 06:20:13 Instalada: swfdec-gtk-0.6.6-1.fc9.i386
Jun 14 06:20:14 Installed: swfdec-mozilla-0.6.0-1.fc9.i386 Jun 14 06:20:14 Instalada: swfdec-mozilla-0.6.0-1.fc9.i386
Jun 14 06:34:41 Updated: libxml2-2.6.32-2.fc9.i386 Jun 14 06:34:41 Atualizado: libxml2-2.6.32-2.fc9.i386
Jun 14 06:34:41 Updated: dbus-glib-0.74-8.fc9.i386 Jun 14 06:34:41 Atualizado: dbus-glib-0,74-8.fc9.i386
Jun 14 06:34:42 Updated: libselinux-2.0.64-2.fc9.i386 Jun 14 06:34:42 Atualizado: libselinux-2.0.64-2.fc9.i386
Jun 14 06:34:43 Updated: e2fsprogs-libs-1.40.8-3.fc9.i386 Jun 14 06:34:43 Atualizado: e2fsprogs-libs-1.40.8-3.fc9.i386
Jun 14 06:34:43 Updated: audit-libs-1.7.4-1.fc9.i386 Jun 14 06:34:43 Atualizado: auditoria-libs-1.7.4-1.fc9.i386
By default, head displays the first 10 lines. head -20 /var/log/yum.log would show the first 20 lines. Por padrão, o primeiro cabeça exibe 10 linhas. Cabeça -20 / var / log / yum.log iria mostrar as primeiras 20 linhas. You can use any arbitrary number. Você pode usar qualquer número arbitrário.
tail cauda
Display the last few lines of a file. Mostrar as últimas linhas de um arquivo.
[kmurray@radon ~]$ tail /var/log/yum.log [kmurray @ radão ~] $ tail / var / log / yum.log
Oct 30 23:19:56 Updated: 6:kdebase-libs-4.1.2-5.fc9.i386 Oct 30 23:19:56 Atualizado: 6: kdebase-libs-4.1.2-5.fc9.i386
Oct 30 23:19:57 Updated: 6:kdemultimedia-libs-4.1.2-2.fc9.i386 Oct 30 23:19:57 Atualizado: 6: kdemultimedia-libs-4.1.2-2.fc9.i386
Oct 30 23:19:57 Updated: ksysguardd-4.1.2-6.fc9.i386 Oct 30 23:19:57 Atualizado: ksysguardd-4.1.2-6.fc9.i386
Oct 30 23:19:58 Updated: phonon-backend-xine-4.1.2-5.fc9.i386 Oct 30 23:19:58 Atualizado: phonon-backend-xine-4.1.2-5.fc9.i386
Oct 30 23:20:08 Updated: kdebase-runtime-4.1.2-5.fc9.i386 Oct 30 23:20:08 Atualizado: kdebase-runtime-4.1.2-5.fc9.i386
Oct 30 23:20:11 Updated: kdebase-workspace-libs-4.1.2-6.fc9.i386 Oct 30 23:20:11 Atualizado: kdebase-secretária-libs-4.1.2-6.fc9.i386
Oct 30 23:20:21 Updated: kdebase-workspace-4.1.2-6.fc9.i386 Oct 30 23:20:21 Atualizado: kdebase-secretária-4.1.2-6.fc9.i386
Oct 30 23:20:27 Updated: 6:kdebase-4.1.2-5.fc9.i386 Oct 30 23:20:27 Atualizado: 6: kdebase-4.1.2-5.fc9.i386
Oct 30 23:20:39 Installed: kdebase-runtime-libs-4.1.2-5.fc9.i386 Oct 30 23:20:39 Instalada: kdebase-runtime-libs-4.1.2-5.fc9.i386
Oct 30 23:20:42 Updated: 6:kdemultimedia-4.1.2-2.fc9.i386 Oct 30 23:20:42 Atualizado: 6: kdemultimedia-4.1.2-2.fc9.i386
By default, tail displays the last 10 lines. tail -30 /var/log/yum.log would show the last 30 lines. Por padrão, tail mostra as últimas 10 linhas. Cauda -30 / var / log / yum.log iria mostrar as últimas 30 linhas. You can use any arbitrary number. Você pode usar qualquer número arbitrário.
grep
Search for a specific string within a file. Procure por uma seqüência específica dentro de um arquivo. (use zgrep to search a gzipped file) (zgrep usar para pesquisar um ficheiro gzipped)
[kmurray@radon ~]$ grep firefox /var/log/yum.log [kmurray @ radão ~] $ grep firefox / var / log / yum.log
Jun 19 16:19:33 Updated: firefox-3.0-1.fc9.i386 Jun 19 16:19:33 Atualizado: firefox-3,0-1.fc9.i386
Jul 24 04:48:06 Updated: firefox-3.0.1-1.fc9.i386 Jul 24 04:48:06 Atualizado: firefox-3.0.1-1.fc9.i386
Oct 18 03:13:52 Updated: firefox-3.0.2-1.fc9.i386 Oct 18 03:13:52 Atualizado: firefox-3.0.2-1.fc9.i386
This shows that “firefox” is listed three times in this file. Isto mostra que "firefox" está listado três vezes nesse arquivo.
type tipo
Determine which directory a command is in. Determinar qual diretório é um comando polegadas
[kmurray@radon ~]$ type ping [kmurray @ radão ~] $ escreva ping
ping is hashed (/bin/ping) ping é desordenado (/ bin / ping)
Ahh, so ping lives in /bin. Ahh, então vive no ping / bin.
locate localize
Locate any arbitrary file on the filesystem. Localize qualquer arquivo do sistema de arquivo arbitrário.
[kmurray@radon ~]$ locate *.rpm [kmurray @ radão ~] $ localizar *. rpm
/home/kmurray/Download/VirtualBox-2.0.2_36488_fedora9-1.i386.rpm / home/kmurray/Download/VirtualBox-2.0.2_36488_fedora9-1.i386.rpm
/home/kmurray/Download/VirtualBox-2.0.4_38406_fedora9-1.i386.rpm / home/kmurray/Download/VirtualBox-2.0.4_38406_fedora9-1.i386.rpm
/home/kmurray/Download/skype-2.0.0.72-fc5.i586.rpm / home/kmurray/Download/skype-2.0.0.72-fc5.i586.rpm
/home/kmurray/Download/synaptics-0.14.6-8.fc9.i386.rpm / home/kmurray/Download/synaptics-0.14.6-8.fc9.i386.rpm
I have four rpm files on this computer, all of them in /home/kmurray/Download. Tenho quatro rpm arquivos no computador, todas elas em / home / kmurray / Download.
file arquivo
Determine what type a file is. Determinar que tipo é um arquivo.
[kmurray@radon ~]$ file /bin/ping [kmurray @ radão ~] $ file / bin / ping
/bin/ping: setuid ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked (uses shared libs), for GNU/Linux 2.6.9, stripped / bin / ping: setuid ELF 32-bit LSB executável, Intel 80386, versão 1 (SYSV), ligados dinamicamente (usa bibliotecas compartilhadas), para GNU / Linux 2.6.9, demitido
ping is a binary file. ping é um arquivo binário.
[kmurray@radon ~]$ file Mythbusters.S02E04.flv [kmurray @ radão ~] $ arquivo Mythbusters.S02E04.flv
Mythbusters.flv: Macromedia Flash Video Mythbusters.flv: Macromedia Flash Vídeo
Mythbusters.S02E04.flv is a video. Mythbusters.S02E04.flv é um vídeo.
[kmurray@radon ~]$ file /var/log/yum.log [kmurray @ radão ~] $ arquivo / var / log / yum.log
/var/log/yum.log: ASCII text / var / log / yum.log: texto ASCII
/var/log/yum.log is a plain text file. / var / log / yum.log é um arquivo de texto simples.
history História
Shows what commands you have been running on the command line. Mostra o que é comandos que têm sido publicados sobre a linha de comando.
[kmurray@radon ~]$ history [kmurray @ radão ~] $ história
991 du -hc Documents/N95/tutorials/ 991 du-hc Documents/N95/tutorials /
992 ls /var/log/messages 992 ls / var / log / messages
993 tail /var/log/messages 993 tail / var / log / messages
994 ls 994 ls
995 ls /var/log/ 995 ls / var / log /
996 ls -lh /var/log/ 996 ls-lh / var / log /
997 tail /var/log/yum.log 997 tail / var / log / yum.log
998 head /var/log/yum.log 998 cabeças / var / log / yum.log
999 grep firefox /var/log/yum.log 999 grep firefox / var / log / yum.log
1000 sudo su - 1000 sudo su --
1001 cd src/ 1001 src cd /
1002 ls Ls 1002
1003 tar -xvzf TrueCrypt\ 6.1\ Source.tar.gz 1003-tar xvzf TrueCrypt \ 6.1 \ Source.tar.gz
1004 cd truecrypt-6.1-source/ 1004 TrueCrypt cd-6,1-source /
1005 ls Ls 1005
1006 less Readme.txt 1006 menos Readme.txt
1007 make Fazer 1007
1008 less Readme.txt 1008 menos Readme.txt
1009 make Fazer 1009
1010 make Fazer 1010
1011 cd 1011 cd
1012 cd .VirtualBox/VDI/ 1012 cd .VirtualBox / VDI /
1013 ls Ls 1013
1014 cat RawUSBsdb.vdi 1014 gato RawUSBsdb.vdi
1015 mv RawUSBsdb.vdi RawUSBsdb1G.vdi 1015 mv RawUSBsdb.vdi RawUSBsdb1G.vdi
1016 cp RawUSBsdb1G.vdi RawUSBsdb2G.vdi 1016 cp RawUSBsdb1G.vdi RawUSBsdb2G.vdi
1017 vim RawUSBsdb2G.vdi 1017 vim RawUSBsdb2G.vdi
1018 rm RawUSBsdb2G.vdi 1018 rm RawUSBsdb2G.vdi
1019 pwd 1019 pwd
1020 VBoxManage internalcommands createrawvmdk -filename /home/kmurray/.VirtualBox 1020 VBoxManage internalcommands createrawvmdk-filename / home / kmurray / .VirtualBox
1021 cat RawUSBsdb2G.vdi 1021 gato RawUSBsdb2G.vdi
1022 cd 1022 cd
In order to discover which commands I use most so I could write this list, I used a combination of five different commands all piped together: A fim de descobrir quais comandos eu uso mais para que eu pudesse escrever esta lista, eu usei uma combinação de cinco diferentes comandos encanada todos juntos:
history | awk {’print $2′} | sort | uniq | less Histórico | awk ( 'print $ 2') | sort | uniq | less
awk {’print $2′} causes only the second column of the output to be displayed, sort puts everything in alphabetical order, uniq cuts out all the duplicates, and less causes the output to be displayed one screen at a time. awk ( 'print $ 2') só faz a segunda coluna do débito a ser exibido, tipo põe tudo em ordem alfabética, uniq corta-se todos os duplicados, e menos faz com que a produção a ser exibida uma tela de cada vez.
If you have any favourite bash commands that you would like to share, please tell us about them in the comments below. Se você tem alguma favorita bash comandos que você gostaria de compartilhar, por favor, informe-nos sobre eles nos comentários abaixo.
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